A Startling Fact about Samples of Dialogue Essay Uncovered

A Startling Fact about Samples of Dialogue Essay Uncovered Exposing you to various samples will help you in many ways. It is preferable to use direct quotes from the source even if it's spoken material. Omit attribution tags every time they do not offer more info. Finding the proper translator can take some time, and distinct authors have their very own specific ideas about just what the use of a translator ought to entail (as an example, conventions about translating culturally-specific slang, which matter enormously in a nation that speaks in at least 50 distinct dialects). Writers use dialogue for any number of factors. Writers often fall in the trap of providing an excessive amount of detail in their dialogue. If you use it like an essential part of the paper, the dialogue becomes a creative element of your work. It's weird the type of questions or insecurities that enter your mind once you finally make a decision to take the plunge and compose a book. Folks often have various points of view or perception on a certain thing. They may also be a manner of earning different regions of the arts a portion of people's lives now and into the future. Writing realistic dialogue doesn't come easily for everybody, however, and few things pu ll a reader from a story faster than bad dialogue. I hope this article might allow you to understand about asking and giving an opinion. If you would like to wow them from the get-go, follow the hints below. Oh no, we additionally utilize body language to receive our message across, therefore it goes without saying that this has to be captured in your dialogue. A number of the girls giggled. Possibly you live in a few miles of a college that provides non-credit language courses available a couple of evenings per week. Your normal small business week could incorporate an assortment of writing activities. Therefore, many students and employees decide to get inexpensive essay rather than writing it themselves. Narrative essays utilize dialogue for a device much like written fiction. Naturally, you may instantly jazz up this dialogue with a couple basic alterations. We find such dialogue in lots of the scripts we receive. Dialogue in plays (and screenplays) is not hard to i dentify because, apart from the stage directions, dialogue is the sole thing a play is made from. Samples of Dialogue Essay - What Is It? Other forms of essays often aim to generate a claim about something. Our custom on-line essay companies give clients numerous options since they attempt to produce and submit academic writing assignments that will lead to successful course completion and excellent grades! Our online writing program is definitely at an amazingly inexpensive course price it's totally free! Maybe you would like to score higher than the remainder of the class. If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Samples of Dialogue Essay Citations and extracts from assorted sources have to be formatted properly. Using length quotations in an essay is not a great practice in writing. The very first word in any quote should be capitalized. Let your quotes be precise and prevent anything that's not linked to the context of your writing. At this stage, you will be expected to use single quotes. So, you are going to need direct quotes. In the event the punctuation marks are he part of a bigger question or exclamation, they need to be put away from the quotation marks. On the flip side, if you're likely to use a quotation inside another quotation, you'll need to use single quotation marks. Indent the whole quotation, but don't use quotation marks around the excerpt. Don't forget to likewise put one particular quotation mark at the conclusion of the previous paragraph.

Why Was China Such an Advanced Society for So Long Essay

Why Was China Such an Advanced Society for So Long? Throughout history, China has been the center of many developments allowing for it to establish itself as an advanced society, one that has lasted through a number of dynastic cycles, an attempt towards the creation of a Republic, and still existing, People’s Republic of China, under the rule of China’s Communist party. Throughout this turbulent history China has made much advancement in site of its setbacks and has allowed itself to grow immensely and increase its stature, making it one of the world’s great powers. While most of China’s history can be analyzed through it its extensive periods under dynastic rule, the best way to look as China in terms of a successful advanced†¦show more content†¦Despite this reverence for Confucian scholarship and increased education during the time period, civil service examinations were briefly discontinued for a short amount of time, Hongwu consolidated po wer, and a strong central police, the Jinyiwei, was created to help consolidate this power. (Hucker, 13; Fairbank, 130). Under this dynasty, merchants and markets were rethought and in revisiting this shift in prevailing attitudes, one can see how China emerged as one of History’s advanced societies. This changing view was made apparent as people realized the inherent worth of merchants in relation to their impact on society as a whole. The acts of commerce merchants undertook, led to increased state revenues, used to fund education of China’s educated bureaucracy (Brook, 90–93, 129–130, 151). This trend of social upheaval was a continued and more pronounced growth of general trends that were also seen in Chinese society under the Song dynasty (Gernet, 60–61, 68–69). As the state realized the potential benefits that could come through market forces they ultimately realized these merchants could help value resources (Brook, 102). In the incre asingly global economy the Ming mainly traded large amounts of finer finished goods, while many of their imports could be viewed as an integral part of their internal function. Silk and porcelain are two products that the Chinese have been historically associated with. ThisShow MoreRelatedGuns, Germs, And Steel Essay1174 Words   |  5 PagesGuns, Germs, and Steel Essay The historical book Gun, Germs, and Steel written by Jared Diamond explains a variety of different themes as to why the world came to be as it is today. The differences in technology and advances differing between other countries. Why is Eurasia more advanced and innovated than other continents like, the Americas? Why didn’t every country develop to an equal pace in advancement? Diamond’s major theme is that environmental differences influenced the differences in theRead MoreColonization in China Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesFrom history, it can be known that China is a country which has been colonized by several nations such as Britain and Germany. Though there was a time with weakness and invasion of other countries, China recently became one of the countries that have the speediest development in the world. To achieve this is not an easy thing but how could China accomplish it? Except a great deal of effort made by Chinese people, this unbelievable rate of i mprovement in China may also have an indispensable relationRead MoreEssay about European Colonialism and Imperialism992 Words   |  4 PagesHow were the Europeans able to conquer and control large areas of the globe? What gave them a great advantage over other groups? The proximate cause of this advantage was their possession of guns, germs, and steel. But how is it that they possessed these things and others did not? Ultimate causes of the Europeans possession of these guns, germs, and steel could be â€Å"Divine Providence.† People at the time thought that God favored the Europeans over other groups. Another ultimate cause could have beenRead MoreLanguage Acquisition And Its Effects On The Country s Economy And Civil Considerations1555 Words   |  7 Pageslanguage, religion, arts, and music. The Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition takes it a step further, defining culture as mutual patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs and unders tanding that are learned by. In this manner, culture can be seen as the growth of a group individuality fostered by social structures unique to the group socializing (Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition, 2014). China is one of the most complex nations in the world. FromRead MoreChinese Culture And Its Effects On The Country s Economy And Civil Considerations1557 Words   |  7 Pageslanguage, religion, arts, and music. The Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition takes it a step further, defining culture as mutual patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs and understanding that are learned by. In this manner, culture can be seen as the growth of a group individuality fostered by social structures unique to the group socializing (Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition, 2014). China is one of the most complex nations in the world. FromRead MoreChinese Culture And Its Effects On The Country s Economy And Civil Considerations1557 Words   |  7 Pageslanguage, religion, arts, and music. The Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition takes it a step further, defining culture as mutual patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs and understanding that are learned by. In this manner, culture can be seen as the growth of a group individuality fostered by social structures unique to the group socializing (Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition, 2014). China is one of the most complex nations in the world. FromRead MoreSimilarities Between Imperial Rome And Han China938 Words   |  4 Pages These two great empires Imperial Rome and Han China both had highly advanced political structures. These two empires both had highly political structures because Not only that but both of these two empires held on and retained many aspects from their previous empires or systems, like the Han Empire used aspects from the Qin dynasty while Imperial Rome used aspects from the Roman Republic. Another big similarity in these two EMpires was that they achieved great architectural achievements. TheRead MoreFerguson term paper1168 Words   |  5 Pagesthese four black boxes. He uses these four sealed black boxes to â€Å"demonstrate that Western institutions have indeed degenerated† (Ferguson page 11). The first of these â€Å"long-sealed† boxes is â€Å" labelled ‘democracy’. The second is labelled ‘capital ism’. The third is ‘the rule of law’. And the fourth box labelled ‘civil society’† (Ferguson). Each one of these boxes are an important part of how our civilization works. The purpose for revealing these black boxes, Ferguson states, is â€Å"that insideRead MoreWhy Did First Sino Japanese War1443 Words   |  6 PagesWhy did first Sino – Japanese war started and why was it so important for regional affairs in East Asia? The first Sino – Japanese war is an important moment for the history of East Asia, which has indicated the emergence of a new regional and world power - Japan. In my essay, I will firstly, show the background of the conflict and in what conditions China and Japan were prior to the war. Secondly, I will outline five key causes of the war and explain why those reasons were more important thanRead MoreHistory611 Words   |  3 PagesDiscuss China in terms of being the MIDDLE KINGDOM, Population growth issues, and industralization. ** The term middle kingdom is the translation of the Chinese word which literally means middle kingdom or central country. As with most countries, the Chinese tendency was to view themselves as superior to and more advanced than their neighbors. They believed they had been specially chosen to enjoy dominion over neighboring lands. The term Middle Kingdom

Physical ed curriculum is important in elementary Essay Example For Students

Physical ed curriculum is important in elementary Essay schoolI believe that Elementary School physical education is an essential curriculum for the development of all children. Early physical education classes provide children with a medium for progression from the random play stage to the eventual organized game and eventual structured learning. Throughout this process, children learn the value of group dynamics. Values such as sharing, team play, communication and respect for others become common practice. Apart from group development, physical education at an early age can also dramatically help children succeed in the classroom environment. All children learn at different rates. Learning new ideas and developing them require time and much practice before reaching some success. Most children at some point during this period will struggle. Physical education at this age can provide children with the opportunity to success and be a sort of mental recess. Games and Play can be developed so that kids can associate learning with activity. Since kids enjoy games and play and can easily succeed in this medium, physical activity therefore confidence bumper that will last forever in every child. Success in play can be carried over into the classroom and in future life endeavors. Physical education for children is also very important in the development of their bodies. During this early period in tier lives, children can develop poor eating habits that make physical play difficult to participate in, eventually weaning children away from physical activity participation. It is therefore important to keep kids involved in physical participation, teaching them the values of participation thereby setting the foundation for physical participation for the rest of their life. Apart from the physical rewards of physical education, children can also expand their creative minds in physical play. Through play, children are free to be as creative as they so wish. Experimentation of the mind and body is a regular occurrence in playgrounds as kids adapts games and develop new challenges for their minds and body. Playgrounds are transformed into foreign lands to explore, fields become stadiums backyard rinks become professional hockey coliseums where legends are made and anyone can be score the winning goal, race to victory and save the world in less than an hours time. These are just some of the values that early physical education can provide to a developing child. The importance of these values as developed through physical education I feel will dictate the levels of personal success any individual will have in their life.Bibliography:

Social Worker Burnout Studied Essay Example

Social Worker Burnout Studied Essay Social Worker Burnout Studied ( Fall 2003 ) AUTHOR-ABSTRACT: For the past 30 old ages, research workers and practicians have been concerned about the impact of work emphasis experienced by societal workers. Although research on burnout has been a utile field of geographic expedition, a new concern has arisen about work emphasiss specifically associated with work with victims of injury. The construct of vicarious injury provides penetrations into the emphasiss of this peculiar sort of work. Like the burnout research, early research on vicarious injury has identified both personal and organisational correlatives. In this article, the writers review the turning literature on the organisational constituents of vicarious injury and suggest alterations in organisational civilization, work load, group support, supervising, self-care, instruction, and work environment that may assist forestall vicarious injuries in staff. Bodies:WHETHER SHAPING PUBLIC POLICY or supplying services to persons, households, and communities, societal workers are to the full engaged with today s societal jobs. This hard work can take an emotional and psychological toll on the worker ( Davies, 1998 ; Gibson, McGrath, A ; Reid, 1989 ) . This emphasis comes non merely from reacting to people in hurting and crisis ; features of the organisation besides contribute to the emphasis ( Sze A ; Ivker, 1986 ) . This occupational emphasis has been examined chiefly in footings of burnout ( Maslach, 1993 ) , but recent research in the field of injury has identified emphasiss alone to that work. These emphasiss have been conceptualized as vicarious injury ( McCann A ; Pearlman, 1990b ; Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995a, 1995b ) . To day of the month, most research has focused on the single features thought to lend to vicarious injury. There has been less focal point on the organisational constructions that may lend. In this article, we dr aw on the research on organisational correlatives of burnout as a background for analyzing the research on vicarious injury and so sketch assorted organisational schemes suggested by practicians working with trauma subsisters to forestall vicarious injury. This treatment is informed by a qualitative survey of counsellors working with victims of domestic force ( Bell, 1998, 1999 ) that suggested the importance of the work environment, among other issues, in the development of vicarious injury. Citations by counsellors from that survey will be used to exemplify the treatment. Organizational Correlates of Burnout We will write a custom essay sample on Social Worker Burnout Studied specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Worker Burnout Studied specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Worker Burnout Studied specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Maslach ( 1993 ) described burnout as holding three dimensions: ( a ) emotional exhaustion ; ( B ) depersonalisation, defined as a negative attitude towards clients, a personal withdrawal, or loss of ideals ; and ( degree Celsius ) reduced personal achievement and committedness to the profession. Burnout has been conceptualized as a procedure instead than a status or province, and some have theorized that it progresses consecutive through each of these dimensions ( Maslach, 1993 ) . Maslach and others have examined the person, interpersonal, and organisational features that contribute to burnout. Of peculiar involvement to this treatment is the determination that organisations can either promote occupation satisfaction or contribute to burnout ( Soderfeldt, Soderfeldt, A ; Warg, 1995 ) . Unsupportive disposal, deficiency of professional challenge, low wages, and troubles encountered in supplying client services are prognostic of higher burnout rates ( Arches, 1991 ; Beck, 1987 ; Him le, Jayaratne, A ; Thyness, 1986 ) . Individual staff members suffer, and the resulting loss of experient staff can decrease the quality of client services ( Arches, 1991 ) . This research has helped place organisational supports that could be effectual in buffering or interceding burnout and point to workplace features that may besides forestall vicarious injury. Vicarious Trauma Recently, the occupational emphasis of societal workers working with trauma subsisters has begun to have attending ( Cunningham, 1999 ; Dalton, 2001 ; Regehr A ; Cadell, 1999 ) . Some writers are get downing to propose that injury theory has of import public-service corporation in understanding the burnout experience of societal workers working in kid protection and with HIV-infected populations ( Horwitz, 1998 ; Wade, Beckerman, A ; Stein, 1996 ) . Many theoreticians have speculated that the emotional impact of this type of traumatic stuff is contagious and can be transmitted through the procedure of empathy ( Figley, 1995 ; Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995a ; Stamm, 1995 ) , as in this illustration from an experient societal worker speaking about reding adult females in a household service bureau: Some times after a session, I will be traumatized .I will experience over whelmed, and I can retrieve a peculiar state of affairs with a sexually abused individual where I I merely did nt desire to hear any more of her narratives about what really happened.She seemed to desire to go on to state me those over and over and I remember merely experiencing about contaminated, like, you know, like I was abused. You know? And so I set bounds withher a fter some ace vision about that but tracked her in a different way.It hink it has an impact. I m merely non certain of what ( a squoted in Bell,1998 ) In the past 10 old ages, the emotional impact of working with trauma subsisters has been examined under several concepts: compassion weariness ( Figley, 1995 ) , secondary traumatic emphasis ( Figley, 1993 ; Stamm, 1995 ) , and vicarious injury ( McCann A ; Pearlman, 1990b ; Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995a, 1995b ) . These concepts have been compared and debated ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995a ; Stamm, 1995 ) , and a full treatment of them is outside the range of this article. The bulk of the empirical surveies in this country have used the vicarious injury concept. For this ground, the term vicarious injury will by and large be used throughout this article unless another term has been used specifically in the research cited. Vicarious injury has been defined as the transmutation that occurs in the interior experience of the healer [ or worker ] that comes approximately as a consequence of empathetic battle with clients injury stuff ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995a, p. 31 ) . Vicarious injury can ensue in physiological symptoms that resemble posttraumatic emphasis reactions, which may attest themselves either in the signifier of intrusive symptoms, such as flashbacks, night-mares, and obsessional ideas, or in the signifier of constricting symptoms, such as numbing and disassociation ( Beaton A ; Murphy, 1995 ) . It may besides ensue in breaks to of import beliefs, called cognitive scheme, that persons hold about themselves, other people, and the universe ( McCann A ; Pearlman, 1990b ; Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995a, 1995b ) , as in the undermentioned illustration from a immature worker in a beat-up adult females s shelter: I think you see the worst of people, working here the worst of what people do to each other. And I think when you do nt hold proper resource halt rocess that, to work through it, to underst and it or set it in some sort of context, it merely leaves you experiencing a small baffle dabout what s traveling on out at that place, and the manner things work in the universe and your function in all of that. ( asquotedin Bell,1999, p.175 ) Although some of the numbing symptoms of vicarious injuries bear some resemblance to burnout and may in fact consequence in burnout over clip, research on healers has besides begun to set up vicarious injury as a distinguishable construct from burnout ( Figley, 1995 ; Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995a ) . Unlike the concept of burnout, the concept of vicarious injury was developed from and is clinically grounded in injury theory, specifically constructivist self-development theory ( McCann A ; Pearlman, 1990b ) . In several surveies, burnout and general emph asis degrees were non related to exposure to traumatized clients, whereas steps of injury exposure and vicarious injuries were related ( Kassam-Adams, 1995 ; Schauben A ; Frazier, 1995 ) . Therefore, burnout entirely does non look to capture the effects of injury as an occupational stressor. Although vicarious injury may show with elements of emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation, and reduced personal achievement, it besides has effects that are alone and specific to trauma work. Many professionals risk vicarious injuries through their contact with traumatized people or stuff that contains in writing images of injury. Surveies have indicated that about 38 % of societal workers experience moderate to high degrees of secondary traumatic emphasis ( Cornille A ; Meyers, 1999 ; Dalton, 2001 ) . In add-on, exigency workers ( Leseca, 1996 ; McCammon, Durham, Allison, A ; Williamson, 1988 ; Wagner, Heinrichs, A ; Ehlert, 1998 ) , nurses ( Joinson, 1992 ) , police officers ( Follette, Polusny, A ; Milbeck, 1994 ) , sexual assault counsellors ( Johnson A ; Hunter, 1997 ; Regehr A ; Cadell, 1999 ; Schauben A ; Frazier, 1995 ) , child protective service workers ( Cornille A ; Meyers, 1999 ) , and trauma healers ( Chrestman, 1995 ; Follette et al. , 1994 ; Kassam-Adams, 1995 ; Pearlman A ; Mac Ian, 1995 ) have all been documented as developing symptomology rather similar to acute and posttraumatic emphasis reactions as a consequence of their second-hand exposure to traumatic stuff. Recent surveies of injury healers have begun to research some of the factors involved in the development of vicarious injury. Therapist exposure to traumatic client stuff has been found to be an of import forecaster for symptoms of traumatic emphasis and, in some instances, of disrupted beliefs about ego and others. In a study of 148 counsellors, Schauben and Frazier ( 1995 ) found that those who worked with a higher per centum of sexual force subsisters reported more symptoms of pos ttraumatic emphasis upset and greater breaks in their beliefs about themselves and others than did counsellors seeing fewer subsisters. The research workers tied these symptoms of trauma counsellors to a figure of factors. Most normally, counsellors said that hearing the trauma narrative and sing the hurting of subsisters was emotionally run outing. Second, many counsellors felt that the guidance procedure was more hard when working with trauma subsisters, who tended to hold more jobs swearing and working in a curative relationship than clients who were non traumatized. Finally, some counsellors found the work more hard because of the institutional barriers within the legal, and mental wellness systems that their clients were forced to voyage. Similar findings emerged when research workers compared the emphasis degree of sexual assault counsellors with that of counsellors who worked with a more general client population ( Johnson A ; Hunter, 1997 ) . Not merely did sexual assault c ounsellors show greater grounds of emphasis, but their work emphasis besides contributed to personal relationship troubles at place. The impact of the healer s ain history of maltreatment on current study of vicarious injuries are ill-defined. Pearlman and MacIan ( 1995 ) reported significantly more vicarious injury symptoms in 60 % of the healers they surveyed who reported a personal history of injury. However, Schauben and Frazier ( 1995 ) found that counsellors with a history of victimization were non more hard-pressed by working with subsisters than were counsellors without such a history. Pearlman and Mac Ian found that healers without a trauma history were more likely to describe intrusive imagination than those with a history. Follette et Al. ( 1994 ) found that mental wellness professionals with a important history of childhood physical or sexual maltreatment did non see significantly more negative responses to child sexual maltreatment subsister clients than those without s uch a history. They besides reported significantly more positive header schemes. However, the comparing group of jurisprudence enforcement forces with childhood maltreatment histories who besides worked with sexual maltreatment subsisters showed significantly more hurt than the mental wellness professionals. The research workers hypothesized that the usage of personal therapy by 59.1 % of the mental wellness professionals versus 15.6 % of the jurisprudence enforcement professionals may hold accounted for the difference. Increased clip spent with traumatized clients seems to increase the hazard of stress reactions in mental wellness professionals ( Chrestman, 1995 ; Pearlman A ; Mac Ian, 1995 ) . Furthermore, disbursement clip in other work activities decreases the hazard. Having a more diverse caseload with a greater assortment of client jobs and take parting in research, instruction, and outreach besides appear to intercede the effects of traumatic exposure. Age and experience are reciprocally correlated with the development of vicarious injury. Younger and less experient counsellors exhibit the highest degrees of hurt ( Arvay A ; Uhlemann, 1996 ; Pearlman A ; Mac Ian, 1995 ) . They may hold had less chance to incorporate traumatic narratives and experiences into their belief systems, every bit good as to develop effectual header schemes for covering with the effects of vicarious injury than hold older and more experient healers ( Neumann A ; Gamble, 1995 ) . Such was the instance of this experient counsellor who worked with beat-up adult females in the tribunal system: It hink for person who does nt make this type of work it would be utmost lystressful, but after twelve old ages, I ve merely I ve handled so many instances and dealt with so many people, I know my restriction sand the tribunal s restrictions and I merely do nt acquire as worked up about each instance as I used to. ( as quoted in Bell, 1999, p.117 ) vicarious injury can be considered a type of occupational jeopardy in scenes where there are high degrees of traumatized clients. As a consequence, organisations supplying services to trauma victims have a practical and ethical duty to turn to this hazard. Deductions for Agency Administrative Response The primary focal point of treatment about the bar of vicarious injury has been on the person ( for a good sum-up, see Yassen, 1995 ) . However, as with burnout, the organisational context of injury work has been discussed as a factor in the development of secondary injury. Several writers have written about their ain experiences in bureaus that serve traumatized persons. They have suggested both bar and intercession schemes in the countries of organisational civilization, work load, work environment, instruction, group support, supervising, and resources for self-care. Each of these will be discussed in bend below. Organizational Culture The values and civilization of an organisation set the outlooks about the work. When the work includes contact with injury, they besides set the outlooks about how workers will see injury and trade with it, both professionally and personally. Of primary concern is that organisations that serve trauma subsisters, whether colza crisis centres, shelters for beat-up adult females, or plans that work with veterans, acknowledge the impact of injury on the single worker and the organisation. As Rosenbloom, Pratt, and Pearlman ( 1995 ) wrote of their work at the Traumatic Stress Institute, We work together to develop an ambiance in which it is considered inevitable to be affected by the work ( p. 77 ) . It is non uncommon for feelings and reactions generated by injury to go forth the societal worker experiencing uneffective, unskilled, and even powerless. An organisational civilization that normalizes the consequence of working with trauma subsisters can supply a supportive environment f or societal workers to turn to those effects in their ain work and lives. It besides gives permission for societal workers to take attention of themselves. Yassen ( 1995 ) provided an illustration of a potentially harmful norm that can thwart workers efforts at self-care: In some scenes, it may be assumed that if employees do non work overtime, they are non committed to their work, or that clinicians who do non take holidaies are more committed to their work than are others ( p. 201 ) . A supportive organisation is one that non merely allows for holidaies, but besides creates chances for societal workers to change their caseload and work activities, take clip off for unwellness, take part in go oning instruction, and do clip for other self-care activities. Small bureaus might signal their committedness to staff by doing staff self-care a portion of the mission statement, understanding that finally it does impact client attention. Administrators might besides supervise staff hol iday clip and promote staff with excessively much accumulated clip to take clip off. Self-care issues could be addressed in staff meetings, and chances for go oning instruction could be circulated to staff. In societal work bureaus, which typically operate with unequal resources and grim service demands, such committednesss, irrespective of how little, are non inconsequential. Workload Research has shown that holding a more diverse caseload is associated with reduced vicarious injury ( Chrestman, 1995 ) . Such diverseness can assist the societal worker maintain the traumatic stuff in position and forestall the formation of a traumatic worldview ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995a ) . Agencies could develop intake processs that attempt to administer clients among staff in a manner that pays attending to the hazard of vicarious injury certain clients might show to workers. When possible, trauma instances should be distributed among a figure of societal workers who possess the necessary accomplishments ( Dutton A ; Rubinstein, 1995 ; Regehr A ; Cadell, 1999 ; Wade et al. , 1996 ) . In add-on, societal workers whose primary occupation is to supply direct services to traumatized people may profit from chances to take part in societal alteration activities ( Regehr A ; Cadell, 1999 ) . Agencies that do non already supply such services might see supplying community instru ction and outreach or working to influence policy. Such activities can supply a sense of hope and authorization that can be stimulating and can neutralize some of the negative effects of trauma work. Organizations can besides keep an attitude of regard ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995b, p. 170 ) for both clients and workers by admiting that work with trauma subsisters frequently involves multiple, long-run services. Organizations that are proactive in developing or associating clients with accessory services such as self-help groups, experienced medical professionals for medicine, in- and out-patient hospitalization, and resources for paying for these services will back up non merely clients, but besides decrease the work load of their staff ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995b ) . Developing coactions between bureaus that work with traumatized clients can supply material support and forestall a sense of isolation and defeat at holding to travel it entirely. Work Environment A safe, comfy, and private work environment is important for those societal workers in scenes that may expose them to violence ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995b ; Yassen, 1995 ) . Some work sites, such as shelters or bureaus located in high-crime vicinities, are so unsafe that workers may really see primary injury, instead than vicarious injury. In a sample of 210 accredited societal workers, Dalton ( 2001 ) found that 57.6 % had been threatened by a client or member of a client s household, and 16.6 % had been physically or sexually assaulted by a client or member of the client s household. Being threatened by a client or a member of a client s household was strongly correlated with compassion weariness. Although it is more of a challenge in certain scenes, protecting workers safety should be the primary concern of bureau disposal. Paying for security systems or security guards may be a necessary cost of making concern for some bureaus that provide services to traumatized persons. F ailing that, bureaus may see developing a brother system for coworkers so that if one worker is threatened by a client, another can cite the constabulary. In add-on to attending to basic safety, Pearlman and Saakvitne ( 1995b ) have suggested that workers need to hold personally meaningful points in their workplace. These can include images of their kids or of topographic points they have visited, scenes of nature or quotes that help them retrieve who they are and why they do this work. One hotline worker described her usage of such an point: When itsare alintense call, I sort of intuition over the phone and sort of similar focal point here on my [ computing machine screen ] and I some times try to consciously state my ego to sit back and expression at one of my images that I have up to remind me of happier times. ( asquotedin Bell,1998 ) Agency decision makers can promote staff to do these little investings in their work environment. By puting animating postings or images of scenic environments ( instead than bureau regulations and ordinances ) in the waiting suites, staff meeting suites, and interruption suites, the organisation can pattern the importance of the personal in the professional. In add-on, workers besides need topographic points for remainder at the occupation site, such as a interruption room that is separate from clients ( Yassen, 1995 ) . With a infinite such as this, the organisation could turn to the self-care demands of staff by supplying a java shaper, soft music, and comfy furniture. Education Trauma-specific instruction besides diminishes the potency of vicarious injury. Information can assist persons to call their experience and supply a model for understanding and reacting to it. Training scenes, such as schools of societal work, have a duty to supply this information to field housemans come ining arrangements where they will meet injury ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995b ) . Dalton ( 2001 ) found that societal workers with maestro s grades had lower degrees of secondary traumatic emphasis compared with those with baccalaureate grades. This difference suggests that the type of clinical preparation available in maestro s plans, such as information about client authorization, self-care, and acknowledging destructive behaviours, may be a losing but of import portion of developing societal workers in baccalaureate plans to forestall secondary emphasis and vicarious injury. Attempts to educate staff about vicarious injuries can get down in the occupation interview ( Urquiza, W yatt, A ; Goodlin-Jones, 1997 ) . Agencies have a responsibility to warn appliers of the possible hazards of trauma work and to measure new workers resiliency ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995b ) . New employees can be educated about the hazards and effects associated with injury, as new and inexperient workers are likely to see the most impact ( Chrestman, 1995 ; Neumann A ; Gamble, 1995 ) . Ongoing instruction about injury theory and the effects of vicarious injuries can be included in staff preparation ( Regehr A ; Cadell, 1999 ; Urquiza et al. , 1997 ) and discussed on an on-going footing as portion of staff meetings. Agencies can take advantage of the booming figure of workshops on vicarious injury at professional conferences in societal work and other subjects by directing a staff member for preparation and inquiring that worker to portion what he or she has learned with the remainder of the staff. This information provides a utile context and helps societal workers to exper ience more competent and have more realistic outlooks about what they can carry through in their professional function. Preparation for a nerve-racking event, when possible, protects persons from the consequence of emphasis ( Chemtob et al. , 1990 ) . Learning new ways to turn to clients injury may besides assist prevent vicarious injury. Theories, such as constructivist self-development theory ( McCann A ; Pearlman, 1990a ) on which the theory of vicarious injury is based, maintain a double focal point between past injury and the client s current strengths and resources. Working from a theoretical model that acknowledges and enhances client strengths and focal points on solutions in the present can experience authorising for client and worker and cut down the hazard of vicarious injury. Group Support Both the burnout literature and the Hagiographas about vicarious injuries emphasize the importance of societal support within the organisation ( Catherall, 1995 ; Munroe et al. , 1995 ; Rosenbloom et al. , 1995 ) . Staff opportunities to debrief informally and process traumatic stuff with supervisors and equals are helpful ( Horwitz, 1998 ; Regehr A ; Cadell, 1999 ; Urquiza et al. , 1997 ) . Critical incident emphasis debriefing ( Mitchell, 1983, as cited in Wollman, 1993 ) is a more formalistic method for treating specific traumatic events but may be less helpful in pull offing insistent or chronic traumatic stuff ( Horwitz, 1998 ) . Support can besides take the signifier of coworkers aid with paperwork or exigency backup. Time for societal interaction between coworkers, such as observing birthdays or other events every bit good as organized team-building activities and staff retreats, can increase workers feeling of group coherence and common support. Peer support groups may ass ist because equals can frequently clear up co-workers penetrations, listen for and right cognitive deformations, offer perspective/reframing, and relate to the emotional province of the societal worker ( Catherall, 1995 ) . Group support can take a assortment of signifiers, such as audience, intervention squads, instance conferences, or clinical seminars, and can be either peer led or professionally led. For illustration, shelter workers interviewed by Bell ( 1999 ) started a reading group and together read and discussed Pearlman and Saakvitne s ( 1995a ) book, Trauma and the Therapist: Countertransference and Vicarious Traumatization in Psychotherapy With Incest Survivors. The group met after work on a regular footing. Group members learned about vicarious injuries and ways to cover with it in their ain work and lives. The group cost the bureau nil, did non interfere with work, and provided an chance for workers to give each other much-needed support. Regardless of the signifier g roup support takes, Munroe et Al. ( 1995 ) warned that it should be considered an adjunct to, non a replacement for, self-care or clinical supervising. There are some possible booby traps of group support. One is the inclination toward groupthink and conformance ( Munroe et al. , 1995 ) . Another is that members hearing about a coworker s hurt may utilize distancing and victim-blaming as a defence mechanism. Peer groups and intervention squads besides offer the chance for traumatic reenactments, such as dividing the group members into the functions of user and exploited, that are so common in working with trauma subsisters ( Munroe et al. , 1995 ) . When groups are held within bureaus, there is besides the possible job generated by conflicting functions in the group, such as a supervisor who is both protagonist and judge or a coworker/supervisor who is besides a friend. Finally, group members may be more instead than less traumatized by the necessity of hearing each other s worst horror narratives. Guzzino and Taxis ( 1995 ) have suggested a figure of ways for members of such groups to speak about their experiences without farther traumatising group members through the usage of psychodrama and art therapy. To farther minimise the potency for jobs in support groups, Catherall ( 1995 ) has suggested that group members discuss such a possibility before it happens and normalise the experience of vicarious injury and its impact on the person and the group. Supervision Effective supervising is an indispensable constituent of the bar and healing of vicarious injury. Responsible supervising creates a relationship in which the societal worker feels safe in showing frights, concerns, and insufficiencies ( Welfel, 1998 ) . Organizations with a hebdomadal group supervising format set up a locale in which traumatic stuff and the subsequent personal consequence may be processed and normalized as portion of the work of the organisation. As one hotline worker said of the value of supervisory support in response to a nerve-racking call: It s sort of like you have this large poke of stones and every clip you sort of Tell person about it you can, you know, give them a twosome of your stones and your poke gets lighter ( as quoted in Bell, 1998 ) .Effective supervising is an indispensable constituent of the bar and healing of vicarious injury. Responsible supervising creates a relationship in which the societal worker feels safe in showing frights, concerns, a nd insufficiencies ( Welfel, 1998 ) . Organizations with a hebdomadal group supervising format set up a locale in which traumatic stuff and the subsequent personal consequence may be processed and normalized as portion of the work of the organisation. As one hotline worker said of the value of supervisory support in response to a nerve-racking call: It s sort of like you have this large poke of stones and every clip you sort of Tell person about it you can, you know, give them a twosome of your stones and your poke gets lighter ( as quoted in Bell, 1998 ) . In add-on to supplying emotional support, supervisors can besides learn staff about vicarious injury in a manner that is supportive, respectful, and sensitive to its effects ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995b ; Regehr A ; Cadell, 1999 ; Rosenbloom et al. , 1995 ; Urquiza et al. , 1997 ) . If at all possible, supervising and rating should be separate maps in an organisation because a concern about rating might do a worker relucta nt to convey up issues in his or her work with clients that might be signals of vicarious injury. Dalton ( 2001 ) found that 9 % of the discrepancy in her survey of societal workers and secondary traumatic emphasis was related to supervising. Her consequences indicated that the figure of times a worker received nonevaluative supervising and the figure of hours of nonevaluative supervising were positively related to low degrees of secondary traumatic emphasis. In state of affairss where supervisors can non divide the supervisory and appraising maps, bureau decision makers might see undertaking with an outside adviser for trauma-specific supervising on either an single or group footing. The cost of such preventative audience might be good worth the cost nest eggs that would ensue from decreased employee turnover or ineffectualness as a consequence of vicarious trauma.In add-on to supplying emotional support, supervisors can besides learn staff about vicarious injury in a manner that i s supportive, respectful, and sensitive to its effects ( Pearlman A ; Saakvitne, 1995b ; Regehr A ; Cadell, 1999 ; Rosenbloom et al. , 1995 ; Urquiza et al. , 1997 ) . If at all possible, supervising and rating should be separate maps in an organisation because a concern about rating might do a worker reluctant to convey up issues in his or her work with clients that might be signals of vicarious injury. Dalton ( 2001 ) found that 9 % of the discrepancy in her survey of societal workers and secondary traumatic emphasis was related to supervising. Her consequences indicated that the figure of times a worker received nonevaluative supervising and the figure of hours of nonevaluative supervising were positively related to low degrees of secondary traumatic emphasis. In state of affairss where supervisors can non divide the supervisory and appraising maps, bureau decision makers might see undertaking with an outside adviser for trauma-specific supervising on either an single or group footing. The cost of such preve

The Damned Human Race Example

The Damned Human Race Example The Damned Human Race – Coursework Example The purpose of Mark Twain’s essay d The damned human race is specifically meant to explore how the human race stoops so low as a result of theirbehaviour contrary to widely held beliefs that human beings are higher animals. What is mind boggling to the Twain is that the human race originates from one distinct species (1). The paper is written in a logical flow and Twain uses satire to compare human behaviour and animal behaviour. For instance, he states that in a wide range of experiments, animals have shown consistent behaviour unlike human beings. They stock or hunt for food they can consume at a certain period and are not greed like human beings who can continue piling wealth at the expense of others. Twain succinctly states that of â€Å"all the animals, man is the only one that is cruel,† (3). The style used by the author plays a significant role in proving his point. By comparing the behaviour of man and animals, Twain is trying to prove a point that animal behavi our can be better compared to men at times. Twain uses a strong hook in the introduction where he starts by comparing and contrasting human beings to animals. The author is disgusted by the behaviour of human beings. For instance, Twain (1) states that the new Darwinian theory, â€Å"the truer one should be named the Descent of Man from the Higher Animals.† This shows that the behavior of men is lower than that of animals. In conclusion, Twain notes that there is nothing below the human race and this is the reason why their behavior should be improved. The main strength of the essay is that it uses satire and the style of writing is convincing to the readers. Works citedMark Twain. The Damned race.

Coordination Number Definition in Chemistry

Coordination Number Definition in Chemistry The coordination number of an atom in a molecule is the number of atoms bonded to the atom. In chemistry and crystallography, the coordination number describes the number of neighbor atoms with respect to a central atom. The term was originally defined in 1893 by Swiss chemist Alfred Werner (1866–1919). The value of the coordination number is determined differently for crystals and molecules. The coordination number can vary from as low as 2 to as high as 16. The value depends on the relative sizes of the central atom and ligands and by the charge from the electronic configuration of an ion. The coordination number of an atom in a molecule or polyatomic ion is found by counting the number of atoms bound to it (note, not by counting the number of chemical bonds). Its more difficult to determine chemical bonding in solid-state crystals, so the coordination number in crystals is found by counting the number of neighboring atoms. Most commonly, the coordination number looks at an atom in the interior of a lattice, with neighbors extending in all directions. However, in certain contexts crystal surfaces are important (e.g., heterogeneous catalysis and material science), where the coordination number for an interior atom is the bulk coordination number and the value for a surface atom is the surface coordination number. In coordination complexes, only the first (sigma) bond between the central atom and ligands counts. Pi bonds to the ligands are not included in the calculation. Coordination Number Examples Carbon has a coordination number of 4 in a methane (CH4) molecule since it has four hydrogen atoms bonded to it.In ethylene (H2CCH2), the coordination number of each carbon is 3, where each C is bonded to 2H 1C for a total of 3 atoms.The coordination number of diamond is 4, as each carbon atom rests at the center of a regular tetrahedron formed by four carbon atoms. Calculating the Coordination Number Here are the steps for identifying the coordination number of a coordination compound. Identify the central atom in the chemical formula. Usually, this is a transition metal.Locate the atom, molecule, or ion nearest the central metal atom. To do this, find the molecule or ion directly beside the metal symbol in the chemical formula of the coordination compound. If the central atom is in the middle of the formula, there will be neighboring atoms/molecules/ions on both sides.Add the number of atoms of the nearest atom/molecule/ions. The central atom may only be bonded to one other element, but you still need to note the number of atoms of that element in the formula. If the central atom is in the middle of the formula, youll need to add up the atoms in the entire molecule.Find the total number of nearest atoms. If the metal has two bonded atoms, add together both numbers, Coordination Number Geometry There are multiple possible geometric configurations for most coordination numbers. Coordination Number 2- linearCoordination Number 3- trigonal planar (e.g., CO32-), trigonal pyramid, T-shapedCoordination Number 4- tetrahedral, square planarCoordination Number 5- square pyramid (e.g., oxovanadium salts, vanadyl VO2), trigonal bipyramid,  Coordination Number 6- hexagonal planar, trigonal prism, octahedralCoordination Number 7- capped octahedron, capped trigonal prism, pentagonal bipyramidCoordination Number 8- dodecahedron, cube, square antiprism, hexagonal bipyramidCoordination Number 9- three-face centered trigonal prismCoordination Number 10- bicapped square antiprismCoordination Number 11- all-faced capped trigonal prismCoordination Number 12- cuboctahedron (e.g., Ceric ammonium nitrate -(NH4)2Ce(NO3)6)

Course work about ( Waste ) for Ecology Coursework

Course work about ( Waste ) for Ecology - Coursework Example natural capability for various environmental elements which absorb and regulate these gasses, to make the world habitable by the different species existing in various ecosystems. The local issues related to waste in UAE include the lack of capacity by the country to identify, and develop projects that can be able to support carbon reduction progress. The other challenge is securing sufficient financing for these projects once they have been developed since the carbon footprint continues to increase (Ahmad, 2015). The 3 R’s can help in protecting the environment through minimising the waste that goes to the environments by application of the processes involved in those processes. These processes also ensure there is a reduction of the usage of materials which generate waste and ultimately reduce the space used for landfills. Hecht, J. (2006). Global warming stretches subtropical boundaries. Science, 312, 1179. Retrieved from

Analytical Argument Ford Mustang Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analytical Argument Ford Mustang - Assignment Example The bold and loud design was an acknowledgment of the rebel hippy culture that was in vogue(Kleihauer). The colors of the cars are to this day a reflection of the strong American pop culture. The automakers found a creative way to incorporate the youthful 60’s counterculture into the rumbling machismo of the Mustang. These underlying currents are vividly visible in the verbal and visual texts regarding Ford Mustang over the years. There haven’t been many drastic changes in the car's design, accept a few, over the past 48 years reflecting a consistency of belief of the American culture in qualities such as Strength and Speed. The Ford Mustang came out amongst a publicity blitz with the print and the TV media ablaze with its advertisements. On Memorial Day, in the same year, a white Mustang with blue dorsal racing stripes leads the field(Mustang). It was a strong visual text for the millions of people who saw the picture of the muscle car painted out in national colors which reflected the fascination of the Americans with strength. In the first verbal example, the Mustang is referred to as the stuff dreams are made of. This was the first official commercial of the car, but the point to ponder here is how this verbal text molds the mind of an average man into believing that a sports car is what defines his dreams. The American perception of luxury was defined by the unprecedented success of the Mustang in its initial years. It did not hold any economic significance as it was not fuel consumption friendly nor of much domestic use. But marketers carefully targeted the youth through their verbal text b propagating the idea of independence to live the dream life of adventure and freedom. Â  

Myth of Money and Success Essay Example for Free

Myth of Money and Success Essay The American Dream is different for everyone, though it is most commonly associated with success, freedom, and happiness. The concept of the American Dream seems to have dwindled from where it was in the past few generations. It has gone from success, freedom, and happiness to having lots of money and the nicest possessions. In today’s society, we all hope and strive for this dream, but how many actually achieve the American Dream? Is it a reasonable goal that Americans should strive for, or is it a myth that only leads to self-destruction? According to Horatio Alger and Toni Cade Bambara, they both believe the concept that the American Dream is a myth and prove these fundamentals through their writing. A single person or a small group does not create the notion of success, but it is created by our whole society. The myth of instant wealth is one of the most popular myths society uses. In fact society uses the hope of instant wealth to make people work harder. The fact that they do not have a real chance of obtaining that wealth by competing in the economic system stays invisible to the most of people. But people have believed that if they will work hard then they can achieve success. Richard Hunter, main character of the book â€Å"Ragged Dick† has been a typical example of American notion of success. According to this book, by Horatio Alger, everybody can become well recognized and financially prosperous if they would work hard and show their merit. Dick, â€Å"a young gentleman on the way to fame and fortune,† as his friend Fosdick from the story â€Å"Ragged Dick† describes him in the end of the story, climbs on the social ladder, starting from the very bottom. Being absolutely illiterate and having no money in the beginning, Dick gets into business circle of people, by working hard and showing his merit. While reading this book, I really was able to put myself in the story, and live Dick’s life with him. This typical story of â€Å"Rags to Riches†, is a general theme for many people’ lives. Today, as well as back in the 1800’s when the story was written, most people’s dreams are to achieve success. This formally became known as â€Å"The American Dream†. Although this may seem strange for everyone to have the same idea, it really isn’t when you look at it with an open perspective. Each and every person’s perception of success is extremely different and individual, which makes everyone’s dreams different. There may be people who strive for big goals, and there may be others who take it one day at a time, achieving happiness on a less formal level. In comparing the time period of the story to our society today, there are many similarities and differences to consider. According within the world we live today, people tend to set much higher goals and expectations for themselves, whereas, in Ragged Dick, it was more of a day-to-day type situation. When people set smaller, more realistic goals, it results in more happiness and comfort in their lifestyle. However, in today’s world, Americans have become so incredibly competitive and successful, that the standards have been significantly raised to the point where personal happiness is no longer good enough. After reading a novel like Horatio Alger’s Ragged Dick, you subconsciously make yourself realize the important underlying message that he is trying to portray. To me, this message is to always be optimistic, and no matter how bad your life is, it can always get better if you are honest, hardworking and determined. Another good source that brings forth the concept of money and success is through Bambaras writing, â€Å"The Lesson†. The major theme of the story was creating awareness in adolescents about what life has to offer. The nature of human beings of accepting the realities of life to such an extent that apathy and lethargy sets in, is what proves to be destructive for the social fabric of today’s world. In this stagnation, Mrs. Moore provides the impetus required for people to realize their god given right to something better. We are told that Mrs. Moore has a college degree, is well dressed most of the times, and has a good command on her language. She seems to be a kind of a person who has seen the world. She has experienced life, and wants to use that experience in providing the children with an opportunity to broaden their horizons. This opportunity that she strives to provide is opening their eyes to the true nature of life and not by giving them money and bombarding their psyche with moralistic attitudes. The story showcases the lack of aspirations of a culture. It takes us through the point of view of the children, who think of nothing but entertainment, and through the mind frame of the adults who have resigned their lives to mediocrity. Mrs. Moore proves to be the catalyst that sets alight the imagination of the children. She realizes that by just telling the children that there is something better out there, she will not be able to instill in them a sense of longing; an aspiration to achieve something better in life. So the morale of this story was to show how one could achieve success with certain disadvantages and still work towards the realistic â€Å"American Dream†. As a result, Americans are never satisfied with what they have. It has been said that Americans are no longer trying to keep up with the Joneses, but instead looking at celebrities, and envisioning themselves with the same expensive possessions. Americans today do in fact look at celebrities and long for their lavish lifestyles, but also still do try and keep up with the Joneses. This scenario is also similar with possessions of luxury items. Ever look at your neighbor’s new car and want one of your own? It is very common to see your neighbor pull in their driveway with a new Mercedes, then look at your car and think of going and getting a nice new car that is comparable to the Mercedes. We as Americans are never satisfied with what we have. The American Dream is still alive, though it is not what it used to be. One can be successful, have freedom, and be happy. But are they fulfilling their version of the American Dream? Some of us may take it to further extremes than others, but there will always be the desire to have something better than everyone else. Society today tells us that we should have the best of everything if we don’t; we are of a lower class of people. We are sucked in by these beliefs because we as Americans do not want to be shown up, and want to be part of the higher class. Americans are always demanding more, while in poverty-stricken countries people are just thankful for what they do have. Maybe we as Americans should just be thankful for the opportunities that this great country has to offer and live our OWN dreams. . Works Cited Alger, Horatio Jr.. Ragged Dick Or, Street Life in New York with the Boot Blacks. New York. Penguin, 2005. Print. Bambara, Toni. â€Å"The Lesson†. Literature: Reading and Writing the Human Experience. Shorter 7th ed. Ed. Richard Abacian and Marvin Koltz. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2000. 121-126.

Mark Twain Essay -- essays research papers

Mark Twain It is indisputable that, during his many years of writing, Mark Twain established himself as a literary genius. It is also indisputable that the primary reason for his success as an author was his quick wit and sense of humor. During this nation’s time of political and social division, Twain wrote about many of the simpler things in life while always showing his humorist side. His brilliant comedic mind was especially unusual for any popular writer around during this rough time period in the nation’s history. Mark Twain’s humorist views and writings truly solidify him as the forefather of American humor. Unlike many writers of his time, Samuel Clemens, better known as his pen name, Mark Twain never secluded himself or slaved over a piece of work. He enjoyed playing billiards or sitting on his porch, smoking a pipe. He lived with his wife and three daughters, and did most of writing in his billiards room or on his bed. He lived a simple, casual life, wh ich proved to encourage his laidback, humorist attitude. (Whipple, Sally) William Dean Howells once compared Twain’s lifestyle to the other famous writers of his time. â€Å"Emerson, Longfellow, Lowell, Holmes†¦ they were like one another and like other literary men; but Clemens was sole, incomparable.† (Twainweb) This being perhaps the best explanation for Twain’s unique humorist views, it is no doubt this lifestyle provided for his creative storytelling and successful career as an author. Mark Twain, a native of Missouri who lived most his childhood in poverty, began his career, surprisingly, as a steamboat pilot. This career path was soon to be interrupted by the Civil War, in which he served for the Confederate Army for two weeks before withdrawing. Already at this point in his life, Twain was showing his humorist side when he commented on this incident saying, â€Å"†¦it was my retirement from it that brought the crash. It left the Confederate s ide too weak.† (Ayers, 42) After the Civil War, Twain began his career as a journalist. He bounced from one city to another, including a stay at Virginia City, Nevada and San Francisco. While in San Francisco, Twain wrote The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, his first nationally acclaimed work. This tale of young boys and frog races combined the themes of youth and humor, a combination he would revisit frequently. (Budd, 32) Finally, in 1869, Twain’s f... ...k Twain in His Times) Jones 6 Unfortunately, this was Twain’s last popular, humorous story. He would leave Hartford due to debts he owed and live a hard life for the rest of his years. Before he died, Twain would see two of three daughters and his wife pass away before him. He spent the rest of his days trying to repay his dept and mourning over his lost family members, whom he was very close too. He died on April 21, 1910 in Redding, Conn. During his lifetime, Mark Twain went from a child of poverty to one of the most famous and unique writers of his time to a legendary American hero. Due to classics such as Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn, he has established himself as not only a famous writer but also a famous comedian. There was no comedy before Mark Twain, most men were obsessed with politics and the military. After Twain, comedy exploded. Charlie Chaplin is one man who is not only a famous comedic pioneer, but also a supporter of Twain. His career shows the influence of Mark Twain in many areas, often including his characters. Mark Twain’s stories truly solidify him as a legendary author, yet his humor was the unique quality which put him above the rest. Word Count: 1536

How Family Intervention Works in the Social System

Intervention is a designed interaction with an individual who may be reliant on one or more psychoactive matters, with the goal of making a complete assessment, overcoming refusal, intruding drug-taking actions, or bringing to the mind of an individual to initiate therapy or remedy.The favored procedure is to hand over information concerning psychoactive substance utilize in a thoughtful or gentle, realistic and understandable manner. (ASAM, 1998)There are times when we have a family member or relative, a co-worker, or a friend who has a dilemma on drug or alcohol abuse but he/she does not want to admit it. And in reality, they do need help. However, we do not know how to begin, where and when.One thing can be a good help with this quandary. This is what you called intervention. An intervention is a meeting that is well-planned and coordinated properly.Interventions, which can be family intervention or crisis intervention, are a verified process that has helped number of friends and families crash the â€Å"Barrier of Denial† that besieges a person who is covering up or refusing to admit their alcohol or drug abuse, for an instance.The term â€Å"raising the bottom† has frequently been used to explain or illustrate the intervention process. Someone can be prevented from suffering their behaviors’ unavoidable consequences later through this process.This is achieved by bringing the actuality of the situation into effect at this time. By far, the most successful way of carrying out an intervention is a professionally handled intervention. An intervention is the greatest way in helping or assisting someone who ignores to see the impact of their use of drug or alcohol on themselves and on the people around them.By taking action, you can infiltrate or give them the support that they so badly call for, whether it is a relative or anyone you care about. (â€Å"Family Intervention Information†)Family Intervention is particular type of interve ntion, which involves family members or relatives of an alcoholic or addict, intended to do good to the patient a well as the family group. Of course, as the term implies, the population best served by this intervention are the families. It is important to give family bonds much concern since they are the basic units of the society. (ASAM, 1998)One model for family intervention is the AIR Model for Interventions. This model of intervention is developed on the perception of Carefrontation. In addition, it also overlaps with the principal features of the Family Systems and the Johnson Institute intervention models.The Carefrontation model was established by James Fearing, Ph.D., acknowledged as America's Crisis Doctor.   This model is an individualized procedure of modifying family dynamics and relationships in order to discontinue the cycle of addiction, take the system out of crises, and efficiently deal with a person’s addiction. (â€Å"AIR Model for Interventions â€Å" , 2006)To understand totally how addiction has an effect on the system that encircles an addict, take the mobile as an example. Each piece of a mobile links to and depends upon the others for steadiness and stability.When you draw one component and every element moves in return accordingly, the mobile operates properly. The mobile stops to function when you applied energy to one part and nothing happens. (â€Å"AIR Model for Interventions â€Å", 2006)The people around the individual work much like a busted mobile when there is an existing addiction within a family. Great effort is applied to make a difference in an obsessed individual. Still, they get no avail unexpectedly.On the other hand, when the collective pieces of the mobile are moved or put in motion, those encircle the alcoholic or addict person can move about from their conventional places or positions. This is done by means of the intervention process.   Then, the obstinate piece will be enforced to change his or her actions. (â€Å"AIR Model for Interventions â€Å", 2006)The AIR model of intervention has two declared objectives: 1) To shift the system around the addicted individual out of the disarray and predicament created by addiction; and 2) To bring about help accessible to the individual.By directing our concentration on the organization surrounding the individual, and operating with them to make alterations in their response to addiction, we transform the organization separate of his or her choice to ask and receive help. (â€Å"AIR Model for Interventions â€Å", 2006)Immediately, AIR responds to appeals for help. The emotional pain and distress of people close to the addicted individual can be tremendous. That is why family and workplace predicaments are considered as emergencies. The sooner an intervention program instigates, the sooner that system will face relief.(â€Å"AIR Model for Interventions â€Å", 2006)A successful and effective intervention normally consists of the following components or mechanisms:A small but enthusiastic group of family members and familiar friends merge together with the common target of getting the involved party into medicationConverse with and then take into service a professional interventionist to assist in making this very sensitive process possibleOnce on the project, the professional interventionist aids the group find the respectable treatment center for the individual   Make the compulsory arrangements to get the person admitted to the chosen treatment program Prepare the place and time to do the intervention Talk about and then write what each partaking person will say during the intervention Delineate what consequences will be pointed against the concerned individual should they will not agree to go to rehabilitation Create arrangements for the involved person to go to drug abuse medication right away upon their approving to get help. (â€Å"Family Intervention Information†) Family interventions have s trengths and weaknesses. Let us first enumerate its strong points. Family intervention is the kindest and most caring and affectionate family and friends can do. It is appropriate at anytime person needs assistance but does not want to receive one.Also, it can be applied in people with any self-destructive actions. This can be alcohol or drug abuse or addiction, eating disorders, gambling and sex addiction, computer addiction, and even an elder who needs living assistance.

Mining Rare Earth Metals Essay

I believe that Canada should be involved in the rare earth metals mining industry. Rare earth metals are an essential part of everyday modern life (and of growing importance). They are used from everything from cell phones to environmentally friendly technologies such as wind turbines and hybrid engines. The mining of these metals would provide many benefits to Canada. It makes great economic sense because right now China is a supply and demand crisis so they are exporting less metal every year. If Canada were to enter the mining not only would it create thousands of jobs in one area where unemployment is a little bit of a problem but we could also pick up the slack of Chinas export problem and make billions. Besides the obvious economic implications, I believe that mining these metals cold have serious political and environmental benefits for us. China uses dangerous chemical to melt the earth around it, which could potentially leave a lasting impression on the surrounding area and any vegetation that might grow there in the future. So if Canada were to mine these metals I think we would be more respectful of the landscape. In today’s society reducing your environmental footprint is huge and in terms of rare earth metals there are many ways in which we can reduce our own. It starts by properly recycling our reusable electronics so the metals can be extracted or re used. Other ways would be to buy used electronics and not get every new gadget that comew out so there is less of a demand for the mining of rare earth metals. Given the pros of mining and the fact that they outweigh the cons, I believe that Canada should be involved in rare earth metals mining.

Looking at characters’ from Erikson’s view Essay Example

Looking at characters’ from Erikson’s view Essay Example Looking at characters’ from Erikson’s view Paper Looking at characters’ from Erikson’s view Paper The firsts few thoughts that enter your head when you hear the word Hollywood is glamour, beautiful actors and actresses and wealth. From the first tape role, to the first cinema and movie Hollywood has portrayed this perfect, adventures, risk taking lives that all of us can just dream of. Of course in some of the movies and shows there is some little truth, but over all it is just a big fantasy world that we all escape to for a few hours. There are no super humans with super powers, cat-woman or batman, Hogward’s school where little wizards attend to learn more spells. Hollywood creates these movies for us to leave the reality for just a few hours and pretend we are someone or something else. Nothing wrong with a little bit of daydreaming, or imagination, but over all Hollywood is very misleading, especially with its characters. There are some shows, Disney shows, movies that really portray some characters as such, but it reality that would never be possible. In this paper I would like to discuss three stages of Erikson’s eight stages of psychosocial development. For each stage I have chosen, I have also chosen two characters that either enlighten this stage or mislead. The first stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development theory is infancy. During this stage the child developes a sense of trust or mistrust that is provided from a caregiver. During this stage the child’s age is from birth to about 18 months. The characters that I have chosen for this stage is Stewie from Family Guy and Tommy from Rug Rats. Stewie from appearance is an infant who isn’t capable of anything yet just as we would suspect of an infant. In this show they portray Stewie as diabolical infant son of ambiguous sexual orientation who has adult mannerisms and uses stereotypical archvillain phrases. He is very intelligent, capable of walking and master planning. He definitely does show no trust for his mother, which he constantly plans of killing in some ways. He always implies how she is terrible and a horrible mother. Perhaps he was/is ignored by her most of the time, which is causing him these negatives feelings towards his own mother. Stewie shows developmental stages of a young adulthood. He definitely shows isolation towards everyone in the family. He despites his mother, talk negatively and has no respect for his father, just ignores or disrespects his two siblings. He feels no love, no connection to any of the family members. He is isolated and just cares for himself. Although one character he seems to show some intimacy with is Brian the dog. Both of them spend most of their time together. There are some traits of intimacy, love, compassion Stewie has for the dog. While it is very funny to watch him do and say the things he does, in reality there is no infant capable of what Stewie is portrayed by Hollywood to do. This is very misleading because his abilities and capabilities are exaggerated and distorted for our entertainment. The second character I have chosen for infancy stage of Erikson’s stages is a courageous, adventurous one-year-old baby named Tommy Pickles from Rug Rats. Tommy, also very similar to Stewie, is an infant who is capable of doing a lot more than an infant should be. Tommy walks, talks and comes with up intelligent plans of how to resolve some of the issues he collides with on daily bases. Him and his few infant friends are portrayed to live this young adulthood lifestyle. Using their imagination, the babies transform routine tasks into surprising adventures. In some of the episodes it shows how Tommy and a girl live in the doghouse, transformed as their own small home. It shows that the infants have intimacy between each other. They show love and compassion to one another. They had a loving, husband and wife relationship. Of course, in real life this would never happen so therefore this is very misleading, again just for our entertainment. Also could be for middle childhood children to relate to and teach them different ways of solving some of the similar conflicts, because in some episodes it shows how Tommy and his friends learn new concepts and work together to accomplish them. It shows how these infants portray industry by over coming an obstacles and feeling the sense of competence. As we look at both of these characters from the stage of infancy, we can easily conclude that they both are very misleading, and strictly created for our entertainment. In our day to day life we certainly do not have babies’ who plot against their parents, with fully cognitive abilities of a full grown adult, or infants who wonder around by themselves at home having different role plays, talking and going on adventures in the backyards. The second stage that I have chosen is Erikson’s fifth stage adolescence. During this stage teenagers begin to try and identify themselves, but sometimes they are just confused. Every teenager goes through the identity versus role confusion. That is why we have different teenager behavior. Some teenagers lash out with anger and rebellion, and some pretend to be in the young adulthood stage even thou they are mentally not there yet. The two characters’ that I believe fit this stage of Erikson’s psychosocial development are Louis Stevens and Renee Stevens from Disney’s channel show Even Stevens. Louis is a wild, youngest sibling, viewed as immature, rude, and selfish. He always pulling jokes and is described as ruining everyones lives. He never seems to change with time. He is showing the perfect resemblance of what an adolescence child would do. He is a teenager who is still confused of what his role is and he is just discovering himself through different stages adolescence. As mentioned he is rude, lashed out with anger, unable to communicate with parents, these are all the perfect examples of teenagers and their unpredictable behavior. This character is definitely enlightening to Erikson’s stage of adolescence, because he is showing typical developmental abilities and issues of this stage. The second character I have chosen is Louis’s sister Renee Stevens. Renee is an intelligent, well-behaved, perfectionist. She is the classic overachiever, constantly running for hall monitor and class president while trying to keep Louiss schemes from becoming disasters. While she is in the adolescence stage, she seems to be acting out as a young or even middle adulthood. She is constantly watching over her brother, babying him like a mother would. She plays a role of an older woman not one of a teenager. Also, she shows lots of generativity from middle adulthood. Since she is a perfectionists and an over achiever, she believes she has accomplished a lot in her schoolwork. She feels like once she is out of there, everyone will remember her as the greatest through all the activities she has done. Even thou she is still just a teenager she lives this life of an older woman. She doesn’t show any interest in her brother as a sibling, but more as a teacher, a higher authority to him. We can clearly see she is still adolescence by her appearance and some ways of reasoning. I would say that Renee is a misleading character because her abilities and actions are much exaggerated through this TV show. Teenagers are difficult to deal with and while Louis shows the traits of adolescent and is enlightening to the fifth stage of psychosocial development, Renee has more of the middle adulthood behavior and is misleading to us because we clearly see that she is still in an adolescence stage. The third and the last stage that I have chosen is Erikson’s last stage, late adulthood. Movies and shows do shows lots of different scenarios of this stage. Every dult has created a family and a great career to feel the sense integrity, or other have created the absolute opposite of integrity. As I went through the different characters, it was a bit challenging to pick the right ones. The first one that popped right into my head was Ebenezer Scrooge. Just by hearing his name, we right away associate The Christmas Carol, and the mean, old, grumpy man. I think he is the perfect example of late adulthood and integrity. At first he doesn’t show any integrity, just pure despair. He is mean and hateful towards everyone and everything. He has forgotten all the good things in his life and was left with just bitterness and regret. But as we go through the movie and as we learn more about him through the 3 different ghosts, we see the change in Ebenezer. He becomes this full of life, loving, caring man. He strongly shows signs of integrity. He is proud of what he has achieved trough out his lifetime, and he shares his accomplishments and wealth with everyone he knows. This is a great enlightening example of an older man going through his life, reevaluating everything and feeling the sense of integrity. Another great example is Carl Fredricksen, an older man from a Disney movie Up. He also is an example of Erikson’s last stage, late adulthood. At first we see him as a grumpier man who isn’t just as happy as he used to be. He has lost his beloved wife and his life just isn’t the same without her. He slightly goes through the stage of despair. Feeling disappointed and mad at himself and everybody else. Mostly he is disappointed in himself by breaking the promise he has made to his wife Ellie before passing to take their home to the cliff besides Paradise Falls. He feels unaccomplished and bitter for not being able to do so as promised. Then he gathers all his courage and strong will to take the home of Ellie and his to the place where they both dreamed. He over came his despair and bitterness, and became this happy old guy. He felt the sense of accomplishment and full filament. He looked back at his life and felt the integrity, the kept promise to his wife. This is very similar to Ebenezer’s experience as both of the characters go through despair and into integrity. This, also, is a great enlightening example of developmental abilities of the character. As we watch these TV shows and different movies we do not really pay attention to how could the characters relate to us, or how the characters are misinterpreted. There are some movies that can teach us a lesson, but there are some that is pure fiction. As I went through different stages of Erikson’s psychosocial development and applied them to different characters, I realized how some of these shows have these characters that are misleading and if looked more in depth could give a wrong message. Over all, it is good to see the picture behind it all and kind of start connecting the dots and understanding the deeper meaning.

The Meaning of Okuns Law in Economics

The Meaning of Okuns Law in Economics In economics, Okuns Law describes the relationship between production output and employment. In order for manufacturers to produce more goods, they must hire more people. The inverse is also true. Less demand for goods leads to a decrease in production, in turn prompting layoffs. But in normal economic times, employment rises and falls in direct proportion to the rate of production at a set amount. Who was Arthur Okun? Okuns Law is named for the man who first described it, Arthur Okun (Nov. 28, 1928- March 23, 1980). Born in New Jersey, Okun studied economics at Columbia University, where he received his Ph.D. While teaching at Yale University, Okun was appointed to President John Kennedys Council of Economic Advisors, a position he would also hold under Lyndon Johnson. An advocate of Keynesian economic policies, Okun was a firm believer in using fiscal policy to control inflation and stimulate employment. His studies of long-term unemployment rates led to the publication in 1962 of what became known as Okuns Law. Okun joined the Brookings Institution in 1969 and continued to research and write about economic theory until his death in 1980. He also is credited with defining a recession as two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth. Output and Employment In part, economists care about a nations output (or, more specifically, its Gross Domestic Product) because output is related to employment, and one important measure of a nations well-being is whether those people who want to work can actually get jobs. Therefore, its important to understand the relationship between output and the unemployment rate. When an economy is at its normal or long-run level of production (i.e. potential GDP), there is an associated unemployment rate known as the natural rate of unemployment. This unemployment consists of frictional and structural unemployment but doesnt have any cyclical unemployment associated with business cycles. Therefore, it makes sense to think about how unemployment deviates from this natural rate when production goes above or below its normal level. Okun originally stated that the economy experienced a 1 percentage point increase in unemployment for every 3 percentage point decrease GDP from its long-run level. Similarly, a 3 percentage point increase in GDP from its long-run level is associated with a 1 percentage point decrease in unemployment. In order to understand why the relationship between changes in output and changes in unemployment is not one-to-one, its important to keep in mind that changes in output are also associated with changes in the labor force participation rate, changes in the number of hours worked per person, and changes in labor productivity. Okun estimated, for example, that a 3 percentage point increase in GDP from its long-run level corresponded to a 0.5 percentage point increase in the labor force participation rate, a 0.5 percentage point increase in the hours worked per employee, and a 1 percentage point increase in labor productivity (i.e. output per worker per hour), leaving the remaining 1 percentage point to be the change in the unemployment rate. Contemporary Economics Since Okuns time, the relationship between changes in output and changes in unemployment has been estimated to be about 2 to 1 rather than the 3 to 1 that Okun originally proposed. (This ratio is also sensitive to both geography and time period.) In addition, economists have noted that the relationship between changes in output and changes in unemployment is not perfect, and Okuns Law should generally be taken as a rule of thumb as opposed to as an absolute governing principle since it is mainly a result found in the data rather than a conclusion derived from a theoretical prediction. Sources: Encyclopaedia Brittanica staff. Arthur M. Okun: American Economist. Brittanica.com, 8 September 2014. Fuhrmann, Ryan C. Okuns Law: Economic Growth And Unemployment. Investopedia.com, 12 February 2018. Wen, Yi, and Chen, Mingyu. Okun’s Law: A Meaningful Guide for Monetary Policy? Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 8 June 2012.

Research project part 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research project part 4 - Essay Example However, the challenges facing the implementation of the program included that nurses saw the program as an imposed program and the documentation required as a burden. Due to the difficulties facing the implementation of hourly rounding programs, this paper will explore the different variables that need to be checked, towards ensuring that hourly rounding offers solutions to the problem of patient falls. The processes and the structures used during the implementation of hourly rounding affect the success of the program. Unlike the traditional approach used, when implementing an hourly rounding program, the current one will engage and consult medical staffs and patients, who will offer their feedback regarding the impact of the program and the areas to be reviewed, so as to maximize the benefits of the program (Rondinelli et al. 326). The major indicators to be reviewed, in determining the effectiveness of the program, include increasing patient satisfaction, where patients feel that they are well cared for and the second major indicator will be the reduction in patient falls. More importantly, the feedback collected from patients and medical staffs will be used for the review and the repositioning of the structure, processes and the administration of the program, towards realizing the desired outcomes (Rondinelli et al. 326). The main difference of this hourly rounding program from others will be that the routinized approach will be abandoned, and flexibility will be maintained at all stages of program implementation. The implementation of the program will employ a person-centered approach to realize the anticipated changes; the person-centered approach will be instrumental in changing the cultural values of the care facility, so as to ensure the effectiveness of the program. The hourly rounding program will involve the medical personnel and also the leaders of the facility, where the cooperative effort of the two groups will be instrumental in

Jaguar Land Rover Management Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Jaguar Land Rover Management Report - Essay Example The company is highly concerned in developing a business model that will contribute the overall nature and climate protection, by investing into green technology, implementing low-carbon solutions into the vehicle building technologies, and developing green materials for vehicle production. Therefore, product life cycle is considered as the key aspect of the proper strategy development, since it involves all the three components of the strategy. It is divided into 7 phases:1.  Design: This is the basic step of developing a â€Å"green† product, and reducing CO2 emissions for the future models. The stage involves developing safety, energy saving and durability technologies.2.  Raw material production: the company deals with the sustainable suppliers. This is also important for the final cost reduction, since â€Å"green† suppliers offer lower prices (Jaguar Land Rover Annual Report, 2014)3.  Transporting: the properly developed logistics strategy helps reducing the transportation costs, as well as CO2 emissions. 4.  Manufacturing: emissions to air, soil, and water are thoroughly controlled by implementing filters, and energy saving technologies. Additionally, the waste and emission control helps implementing the waste recycling technologies, which is also helpful for cost reduction. 5.  Delivery to customers: the shorter delivery ways help reducing emissions and costs, emissions to air. Similarly to material and components transportation, shorter ways are required for cost and emission reduction.

How does a hardware firewall work Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

How does a hardware firewall work - Term Paper Example Therefore, firewall is an effective solution to deal with these issues. This paper will present a detailed analysis, implementation, and working of the hardware firewall technology. This paper will also outline the role of firewalls in the security matters. The massive utilization of the internet and the World Wide Web places networks at even larger danger of unwanted threats. In addition, many corporations distribute information on the internet (using web sites), while remaining have workers who distribute information to the internet from the corporation’s network or download material from the internet (Norton). At the present, increasing numbers of organizations are exposing their personal networks to internet traffic; therefore, the implementation of firewalls has turned out to be a basic requirement. In addition, the firewall stops illegal communication inside and outside of the network, facilitating the company to implement a security strategy on traffic running between its network and the Internet (Laudon and Laudon; Turban, Leidner and McLean; Turban, Rainer and Potter, Introduction to Information Technology,3rd Edition). In addition, Firewalls can be either software or hardware. However, the best firewall arrangement wil l contain both (Beal). In point of fact, a firewall can divide a network into several domains. A general execution the firewall has the Internet as un-trusted domain; a semi trusted and a semi secure network, acknowledged the demilitarized zone (DMZ), as an additional domain; and an organization’s computers as third domain (Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 673). â€Å"Hardware firewalls are external devices that perform job of a guard between organization’s network (office or home) and external networks (the internet)† (Antivirus-Firewall-Spyware). According to Beal (2009), the hardware firewalls are

Impact of Knowledge Sharing for Elderly Housing Support

Impact of Knowledge Sharing for Elderly Housing Support The Impact of Knowledge Sharing in the Provision of Floating Support in Sheltered Housing for the elderly. Abstract As the population ages, increasing number of vulnerable older people are living alone in own home, sheltered housing or residential care. The needs of the older people are constantly changing and there is need for long term support. Older people living in sheltered housing with complex and high needs require access to services with a network of different types of support; high staff cover and supervision. Supported people introduced floating support to aid people with high and complex needs. Floating support aimed at preventing homelessness among people with high difficulties; and intensive support, with out-of-hours cover, for people with high needs. Housing services, social services, ‘health services have to liaise and coordinate the services being provided. Knowledge sharing will help ease of the tensions and demands among the agencies. This paper, which is based on an on-going PhD project, begins by examining the field of sheltered housing for the elderly, discusses floating support and the key prayers providing the support. This is followed by analysis of knowledge sharing and potential factors that are important to a successful knowledge-sharing in providing floating support to the services provider. This paper concludes that , trust, motivation, effective communication, shared mindsets, training and leadership are the critical for effective knowledge sharing in provision of floating support in sheltered housing for the elderly. Effective gathering and sharing knowledge and information between supported Housing providers, social services and health and Care agencies through the establishment of the Knowledge sharing initiatives. Keywords: Knowledge sharing, sheltered housing, floating support and Provisions Nowadays Knowledge is regarded as a strategic resource in organizations, and thus the leverage of knowledge is a key managerial issue. Knowledge creation, sharing and dissemination are the main activities in knowledge management. This study examines the influence the social and technological factors such as learning culture and IT use, could have on knowledge sharing of King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) students. A cross-sectional survey was used as a methodology for data collection and 137 valid responses were collected from all the three categories of students that include graduates, undergraduates and preparatory students. The study shows that there is a significant positive relationship between the student learning culture and IT use on student knowledge sharing. The study limitations, practical implications, along with directions for further research are discussed.. Despite the strong interests among practitioners, there is a knowledge gap with regard to online communities of practice. This study examines knowledge sharing among critical-care and advanced-practice nurses, who are engaged in a longstanding online community of practice. Lack of knowledge and sharing knowledge with each other was also reflected on (Table 2 and Appendix). The participants from the specialized unit for demented people spoke about their lack of knowledge concerning demented people in general and they wanted more training. Their practical knowledge gained through long experience was put forward by the supervisor. Lack of resources, principally lack of time was another topic for reflection (Table 2 and Appendix). The participants spoke about the work with demented pensioners as time-consuming and that they hardly ever had the time they wanted, for instance to sit down and talk to the pensioners. The descriptions presented during the sessions and derived from practical experience could also support other staff who are dealing with the complexity of caring for demented people. The participants were given the opportunity of sharing their own knowledge with each other through comparing how they handled various tasks. Several studies show that staff who are given the opportunity to share their practical knowledge with others gain a wider variety of experience, attitudes, new ways, views and solutions to problems (Bulechek McCloskey 1985, Kadushin 1985). Johns (1995) emphasized that reflective practice always needs to be guided and that clinical supervision is central to the process of learning. Clinical supervision offers an ideal milieu for the guidance of reflective practice just as reflective practice offers an ideal method to structure what takes place within clinical supervision (Johns 1995). The benefits of these reflective discussions are not the focus of this study. It s eems reasonable, however, to assume that such well-designed discussions also help the nurses to achieve high quality care. (Olsson and Hallberg 1998) Effective knowledge sharing is vital to successful provision of floating support in sheltered housing for the elderly. There is still little knowledge available about home-based professional care for demented people and how to support it from a managerial point of view. In order to develop clinical supervision techniques further and to understand the home care staffs specific problems in their caring for demented people living in their own homes, it seems useful to study the content of supervision sessions. The professionals narratives during such sessions may contribute to a deeper understanding of professional home care for the demented. It is estimated that the best solution for elderly demented people is to stay at home, since their known environment can better support the maintenance of their personal lives and values. Staying at home supposedly gives demented people an opportunity to maintain ADL-performance, and promotes the individuals sense of self and integrity (Zgola 1988, Kihlgren 1990). Studies from Canada and the USA show that demented people remain in their homes during the major part of the disease (Alessi 1991, Gallo et al. 1991). It may well be that the circumstances are the same in Sweden. No studies, however, have been located. Usually demented people who stay at home are cared for by their own families (Dellasega 1991) and this is known to cause strain on the family caregiver (Given et al. 1990, Pushkar Gold et al. 1995). The family caregiver also seems to benefit from increased satisfaction and self-esteem related to taking on and carrying through the responsibility for their demented family membe r and they do not necessarily worry about their demented next of kin, as they tend to do if the demented becomes institutionalized (cf Stephens et al. 1991). On the other hand the family caregiver may suffer from social and affective limitations in his/her life especially at the beginning of the next of kins disease (Grafstrom et al. 1992) and Saveman et al. (1993) show that there is a risk of abuse of elderly people in informal care. Home care staff may have the opportunity to relieve such strain.(Olsson and Hallberg 1998) (Olsson and Hallberg 1998) Research on outcomes in supported housing has been very limited and most published studies are descriptive, rather than evaluative. Cost-effectiveness has generally not been investigated. The outcomes most commonly evaluated are satisfaction and quality of life. A recent GOSW research review has concluded that: Â § There are some beneficial effects of supported housing, particularly in relation to quality of life that could lead to improved health; Â § There is a lack of research into health related outcomes, such as re-admission rates or clinical symptoms; Â § The objective of promoting independence, as stated in the South West Regional Housing Strategy, should be assessed formally; Â § There is a need for formal evaluation of supported housing schemes to ensure that the projects meet the needs of the clients and the wider population. ABSTRACT In the area of knowledge management, many studies have been devoted to investigating how to design an effective knowledge-sharing system in organizations. These studies emphasized the importance of various aspects to the success of the knowledge-sharing system and provided us with hints concerning what critical factors we should consider in the design of a knowledge-sharing system for group learning. In this study, we aim at exploring the critical components of a successful knowledge-sharing system and influential aspects we should consider in the design of a system for group learning. To achieve this task, we conducted an experiment during a semester-long course. The participants in the experiment were the final-year undergraduate students of a business school in Hong Kong. Finally, several factors important to the success of a knowledge-sharing system were identified. Implications for teaching and learning were also provided. Keywords Knowledge sharing, group learning, critical success factor INTRODUCTION Knowledge sharing among students is believed to be an effective approach to facilitate studying and improve their academic performance. Therefore, how we should carry out successful knowledge sharing in the classroom is a meaningful topic and should be given some attention. To build a knowledge-sharing system is an approach worthy of effort in conducting effective knowledge sharing in school. However, which system aspects merit consideration is still a problem under investigation. Based on previous research, the present study explores potential factors that are important to a successful knowledge-sharing system and discusses some implications for academic teaching and learning. LITERATURE REVIEW In the area of knowledge management, many studies have been done to investigate how to establish an efficient system for sharing knowledge in organizations. These studies emphasized the importance of various aspects to the success of knowledge sharing system. For example, Almeida et als study (2002) emphasized the availability of multiple mechanisms, formal and informal, to share and transfer knowledge so as to flexibly and simultaneously move, integrate and develop technical knowledge. Besides, the organizational culture that is capable of supporting the flow of knowledge was also addressed as an important factor. Another study by Nelson and Cooprider (1996) empirically tested the relationships between IS performance and mutual trust and influence among IS groups and their line customers. They found that mutual trust can facilitate knowledge sharing and can then increase shared knowledge. Bryants paper (2003) mainly studied the role of leadership in organizational knowledge manageme nt by comparing the effect of transformational leadership and transactional leadership on knowledge sharing. The involvement of high technology in knowledge sharing is addressed by Hubers study (2001) that claimed that some of the barriers to knowledge sharing can to a certain extent be raised by utilizing appropriate technologies. A few studies noted the role of motivation in knowledge sharing. Most of them discussed the different effects of both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on knowledge sharing. It was believed that extrinsic motivation is a short-term approach and cannot create a lasting commitment to sharing knowledge (Kohn, 1993). Moreover, extrinsic motivation is also inappropriate if the knowledge shared is mainly tacit in nature (Osterloh et al., 2000). In Hansens paper (2002), the results showed that project teams who could conveniently access related knowledge from other units by virtue of pre-existing relationships could complete their projects faster than those who failed to do so. Thus, pre-existing relationships are also a facilitating factor due to their shortening the path among units who possess related knowledge. Lastly, a common language is also believed essential for effective knowledge sharing so that knowledge producers and recipients can achieve fluent and accurate communication in exchanging ideas and knowledge (Ali, 2001). EXPERIMENTAL SETUP For this study, we planned an experiment that was conducted during a course and lasted for whole semester. The participants in the experiment were the final-year undergraduate students of a business school. For the purposes of this experiment, we separated all students into different groups with each group consisting of five to six students. We then assigned relevant project topics to different groups and asked them to finish the projects by the end of semester. At the beginning, we counseled the participants that sharing knowledge is an effective way of improving performance and encouraged them to share their knowledge with their group mates as much as possible during the projects. MEASUREMENT A questionnaire was designed to test the participants perceptions concerning knowledge sharing based on their experience acquired in the group projects. The questionnaire consisted of two parts. In the first part, we selected eight factors based on past studies, including knowledge-friendly culture, motivational practices, multiple available channels, leader supportiveness, trust, pre-existing relationship, common language and level of technology. Participants were asked to indicate the extent to which each of these factors is important to the success of knowledge sharing. The second part had four items: Email, Knowledge repository, Face-to-face (F2F) meeting and Formal seminar. We ask participants to indicate the frequency with which they used each of the above methods to share knowledge with their group mates. We distributed the questionnaire to 91 students in a course and finally obtained 75 usable samples for further data analysis. RESULTS The mean, max and min values for each of the eight variables in the first part are summarized in Table 1. In addition, we conducted a series of paired t-tests to statistically compare every possible pair of means. Based on the results of the t-test (Table 2), we categorized the eight factors into five different groups: knowledge-friendly culture and motivational practices, multiple available channels and leader supportiveness, trust, pre-existing relationship and common language, and, lastly, level of technology. Trust Culture Motivation Channels Leader Relation Language Tech MEAN 6.04 5.84 5.76 5.52 5.51 5.12 5.27 4.71 MAX 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 MIN 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 1 Importance MAX MIN Table 1. Results of the first part Culture 2.15 Motivation 2.71 0.92 Channels 4.36 2.66 2.31 Leader 5.18 3.42 2.32 0.12 Relation 6.54 6.11 5.16 2.95 3.04 Language 6.31 4.22 3.66 1.98 1.96 0.95 Tech 9.28 8.41 6.83 5.03 5.73 2.70 3.50 t-value Trust Culture Motivation Channels Leader Relation Language Table 2. Results of paired t-test ( p In each above group that contains more than one factor, the factors are not statistically different from each other. For example, the knowledge-friendly-culture factor is perceived as equally important as the factor on motivational practice. We then prioritized these five groups in terms of their importance to the success of knowledge sharing by comparing their mean level. Obviously, building trust is the most important factor and the level of technology the least, as shown in Table 1. The mean, max and min values of the second part of the dataset are exhibited in Table 3. We also worked out the percentage of responses that rated the item more than 4 points. By referring to this percentage and checking the corresponding mean values, we can obtain information concerning how many of participants at least frequently used each method to share their knowledge with others. To conclude, F2F meeting is the most frequently used approach to sharing knowledge. Formal seminars, on the contrary, were the least used. F2F Email Repository Seminar MEAN 5.83 5.41 4.48 3.00 MAX 7 7 7 7 MIN 4 2 2 1 Frequent Usage 94.7% 85.3% 46.7% 21.3% Table 3. Data of the second part IMPLICATIONS Our study has essential implications for course teaching and learning. Our study suggests that in order to facilitate knowledge sharing among students, building trusting relationships is the first and most important step to take. Such trust can be built and strengthened via gradual mutual understanding. Therefore, there should be various opportunities and occasions for students to get to know each other. In this way, improved trust due to good understanding can raise the psychological barriers to communication and can then increase the students willingness to share knowledge. Moreover, a healthy culture should be fostered among students that learning from others and sharing what you know with others is the right thing to do and an effective way of improving study. In this arena, instructors play a particularly critical role. As for the sharing activity itself, increasing interactive communication between students is still an ideal way of proceeding. Whether in class or after class, s tudents should be provided with adequate opportunities for face-to-face discussions without the presence of instructors so that they can actively share knowledge during these discussions. Frequent formal seminars are not an effective approach for sharing knowledge because they hardly communicate with each other to exchange opinions and thoughts during the seminars. REFERENCES Ali, Y. (2001). The intranet and the management of making and using skills. Journal of Knowledge Management, 5, 338-348. Almeida, P., Song, J. and Grant, R. M. (2002). Are firms superior to alliances and markets? An empirical test of cross-border knowledge building. Organization Science, 13, 147-161. Bryant, S. E. (2003). The role of transformational and transactional leadership in creating, sharing and exploiting organizational knowledge. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 9, 32-44. Hansen, M. T. (2002). Knowledge networks: Explaining effective knowledge sharing in multiunit companies. Organization Science, 13, 232-248. Huber, G. P. (2001). Transfer of knowledge in knowledge management systems: unexplored issues and suggested studies. European Journal of Information Systems, 10, 72-79. Kohn, A. (1993). Why incentive plans cannot work. Harvard Business Review, 71,54-63. Nelson, K. M. and J. G. Cooprider (1996). The contribution of shared knowledge to IS group performance. MIS Quarterly, 20, 409-432. Osterloh, M. and Frey, B. S. (2000). Motivation, knowledge transfer, and organizational forms. Organization Science, 11, 538-550. Knowing in Community: 10 Critical Success Factors in Building Communities of Practice The Limits of Knowledge Management Many companies are discovering that the real gold in knowledge management is not in distributing documents or combining databases. In the last few years many companies have used the internet and other new information technology to link professionals across the globe to share documents or compare data. But many are discovering that the real value in knowledge management is in sharing ideas and insights that are not documented and hard to articulate. This undocumented, hard-to-articulate knowledge is what has been called tacit knowledge (Polanyi, 1958). A group of systems designers for a computer company tried to share their knowledge by storing their documentation for client systems in a common database. They soon discovered that they did not need each others documentation. They needed to understand the logic other system designers used — why that software, with that hardware and that type of service plan. They needed to understand the thinking of the other system designers. A petrophysicist trying to interpret unusual data from a deep sea oil well needed help from a colleague who had seen similar anomalies and could help him think through how to interpret it. Only in the course of the discussion were they able to understand the anomaly. A geologist faced with an array of new seismic tools needed to know which would be most useful in his particular application. A product development team at an auto company found through their internet that another development team had developed and rejected a design ideas similar to one they were considering. They needed to understand the reasons for the rejection and get feedback from the other team on the approach they were considering. A sales manager working with a particularly difficult client needed to know how sales managers for other product lines had dealt with that client. In all these cases people needed tacit knowledge; knowledge that was not documented, that their peers had never previously articulated, and t hat needed to be thought about to be shared (McDermott, 1999a). Using typical knowledge management methods to leverage tacit knowledge often results in information junkyards and empty libraries. At the heart of most knowledge management efforts is an attempt to document and share information, ideas and insights so they can be organized, managed and shared. But documenting tacit knowledge frequently does more harm than good. When a major computer company first introduced its knowledge site, it asked field engineers to place their files in a common database. But, like many other companies, this company soon discovered that their staff did not want to hunt through many, redundant entries. As one engineer said, My own file cabinet is bad enough, why would I want look through everyone elses file cabinet. Rather than a resource, the company had created an information junkyard, full of potentially good material that was too much trouble to sort through. The field engineers wanted someone familiar with their discipline to assess the material, decide what is important and to enrich the documents in the database by summarizing, combining, contrasting, and integrating them. This would make the junkyard useful. Another company instructed their professional staff to document key work processes so others could easily learn from them. Most staff felt their work was too varied to capture in a set of procedures, but eventually they completed the task. Within a year the database was populated, but little used, an empty library. Most people found the information to be too general to be useful. The help they needed was still in the experience — the tacit knowledge of their peers. Communities of Practice Leverage Thinking Ironically one of the oldest elements of organization is key to leveraging tacit knowledge, communities of practice. Communities of practice are groups of people who share information, insight, experience, and tools about an area of common interest (Wenger, 1998). A communitys focus could be on a professional discipline like reservoir engineering or biology a skill like machine repair or a topic like a technology, an industry, or a segment of a production process. In a manufacturing company, for example, communities were formed around steps in the production process. Shell Oil Co.s New Orleans operation, which is organized into cross-functional teams, formed them around key disciplines and topics that cross individual teams. Communities of practice have always been part of the informal structure of organizations. They form spontaneously as people seek help, try to solve problems, develop new ideas and approaches. Some say that spontaneous communities of practice have always been the real vehicle through which technical knowledge spreads through organizations. Spontaneous communities of practice are informal. People participate in them as their interest, time and energy dictates. Although they usually gel around a particular topic or domain, the specific issues they focus on change over time, as the needs and interests of their members change. Communities are held together by passionate interest and value. Communities of practice frequently form around topics community members have invested many years in developing; topics they are often passionately interested in, a science, a craft or a manufacturing process. But communities of practice are not just celebrations of common interest. They focus on practical aspects of a practice, everyday problems, new tools, developments in the field, things that work and dont. So people participate because the community provides value. Community members frequently turn to each other to help solve technical problems, like interpreting anomalous data. Because they are often linked, not only to each other but also to suppliers, universities and others outside their organization communities of practice, they often keep members informed of new developments in the field. Because community members share a common technical interest, they can share ideas and concerns with others who really unders tand. And praise from community members is often the most meaningful because technical peers really understand the difficulty of the work or the brilliance of an analysis. As a result, people often have a great deal of their professional identity tied up in their communities. Communities of practice link people in many ways. Communities frequently link people with a common interest who do not have regular day-to-day contact. For example, in Shell Oils New Orleans operation, communities link people who work on different teams. In this double knit organization (McDermott, 1999b) teams are the core organizational structure. Communities form around technical disciplines and topics that draw people from many teams. Each community operates in its own way, but the Turbodudes community is fairly typical. The Turbodudes draw people from different disciplines (geology, geophysics, petrophysics, reservoir engineering) who are interested in a particular kind of geological structure common in the Gulf of Mexico, turbidites. The Turbodudes stay together through five key components: a coordinator, mentors, a weekly meeting, presentations by outside vendors, and a website that stores topics discussed at previous meetings. For the last two years the Turbodudes have met ev ery Tuesday at 7:30 in the morning, before the other organizational meetings begin. Typically twenty to forty people come to the meetings. While there are often many new faces at the meetings, there is a core group of ten high-contributors who make most of the meetings. The meetings seem very informal. The coordinator asks who has a question or problem. After a short presentation, others offer their observations, describing the logic or assumptions they made in formulating those observations. A technical specialist takes notes on her computer. The following day meeting notes are posted on the communitys website. While the meeting only lasts an hour, people often leave in small groups hotly engaged in discussions of the meetings topic. But these meetings are not as informal as they seem. Between meetings the coordinator walks the halls connecting people with others who share similar concerns, following up on the meetings topics, and finding topics for the next meeting. To keep discus sions focused on cutting edge topics and to keep senior community leaders engaged, the community developed a mentorship program for people new to the field. The mentorship program provides an avenue for basic questions and distributes the job of educating new community members in an equitably. Communities thrive on trust. One of the main dynamics of the Turbodudes and many other communities of practice is that members ask for and offer help solving technical problems. Regularly helping each other makes it easier for community members to show their weak spots and learn together in the public space of the community. Having frank and supportive discussions of real problems frequently builds a greater sense of connection and trust between community members. As they share ideas and experiences, community members often develop a shared way of doing things, a set of common practices, and a greater sense of common purpose. Sometimes they formalize these in guidelines and standards, but often they simply remain what everybody knows about good practice. In the course of helping each other, sharing ideas, and collectively solving problems, everybody often becomes a trusted group of peers. Communities of practice are ideal vehicles for leveraging tacit knowledge because they enable person-to-person interaction and engage a whole group in advancing their field of practice. As a result, they can spread the insight from that collaborative thinking across the whole organization Critical Success Factors for Community Building Communities of practice are a new/old kind of organizational form. Even though communities of practice have been part of organizations for many generations, we have only recently begun to understand their dynamics and tried to intentionally develop them. Because they are organic, driven by the value they provide to members, organized around changing topics, and bound by peoples sense of connection, they are very different from teams and other organizational forms most of us are familiar with (McDermott, 1999b; Wenger Snyder, 2000). The challenges they pose and the factors in making them successful are also different. There are four key challenges in starting and supporting communities capable of sharing tacit knowledge and thinking together. The management challenge is to communicate that the organization truly values sharing knowledge. The community challenge is to create real value for community members and insure that the community shares cutting edge thinking, rather than sophisticated copying. The technical challenge is to design human and information systems that not only make information available but help community members think together. And the personal challenge is to be open to the ideas of others and maintain a thirst for developing the communitys practice. Ten factors, dealing with each of these challenges, are critical to the success of communities of practice. Without them, communities tend to flounder or fail. Critical Success Factors in Building Community Management Challenge 1. Focus on topics important to the business and community members. 2. Find a well-respected community member to coordinate the community. 3. Make sure people have time and encouragement to participate. 4. Build on the core values of the organization. Community Challenge 5. Get key thought leaders involved. 6. Build personal relationships among community members. 7. Develop an active passionate core group. 8. Create forums for thinking together as well as systems for sharing information. Technical Challenge 9. Make it easy to contribute and access the communitys knowledge and practices. Personal Challenge 10. Create real dialogue about cutting edge issues. The Management Challenge Knowledge management, like total quality and reengineering has become the latest of management fads. Many professionals have found that if they just keep their heads low they can escape the extra work and impact of these fads. With so many pressures drawing on their time, it is often hard to get the attention of professional staff. Four factors can communicate that management really does support knowledge-sharing communities. 1. Focus on knowledge important to both the business and the people. To show that communities of practice are important, form them around topics at the heart of the business, where leveraging knowledge will have a significant financial or competitive impact. Communities of practice at Shell, a very technically oriented company, started around technical topics. At a manufacturing company, we formed the first communities around major steps of the manufacturing process